American Identity and the American Dream Essays

American Identity and the American Dream Essays American Identity and the American Dream Essay American Identity and the American Dream Essay The epoch that enveloped the 1920’s and 1930’s in urban America provided a rebirth of traditional folklore, African beats, and ultimate cultural revival in America. When the long days of extreme oppression towards those of color seemed to simmer down, many migrated north to escape their unfathomable pasts in the southern states. The Blacks’ final destination determined their nest of cultural thriving and prosperity. Specifically, Harlem, New York was transformed into a city of unique art and dance. The famous Apollo theater held many great singers who expressed their joy, woe, and newfound belonging in the city. Likewise, many writers and poets of black origin wrote about their â€Å"freedom† and stress for egalitarian standards that were hindered by Jim Crow law since 1874. â€Å"Separate but equal,† was an ideal that separated rightful American citizens of color from those of lighter complexions. Through the Harlem Renaissa nce, blacks could express their determination for recognition in American society as rightful citizens. Though, for some this idea, seemed uncertain. Great examples of the search and affirmation of American identity is seen in four works by Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Arna Bontemps James Weldon Johnson. Many can agree that the Harlem Renaissance was a catalyst for asserting an American identity, acknowledging blacks as an equal component of American societal structure, as well as questioning the possibility of attaining this goal. In Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"I, Too†, shows American patriotism on the behalf of the black populace. The speaker begins with his admiration of America through, â€Å"I, too, sing America.† (l). The opening line sets a hopeful tone for the scene depicted. The speaker mentions an account of injustice but does not allow this to quash his beliefs as a rightful American. After his sour encounter in the first stanza of being denied a place at the table, he plans to muster his courage

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay An effective introductory paragraph both informs and motivates. It lets readers know what your essay is about and it encourages them to keep reading. There are countless ways to begin an essay effectively. As a start, here are 13 introductory strategies accompanied by examples from a wide range of professional writers. Introductory Strategies State your thesis briefly and directly (but avoid making a bald announcement, such as This essay is about . . .). It is time, at last, to speak the truth about Thanksgiving, and the truth is this. Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. . . . (Michael J. Arlen, Ode to Thanksgiving. The Camera Age: Essays on Television. Penguin, 1982)Pose a question related to your subject and then answer it (or invite your readers to answer it). What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around their neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesnt afford warmth in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only decorates. We might say, it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off, the head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of the soul. When photographers discuss the way in which a photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only the passage fr om three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a point de vue that favors the top of the body rather than the bottom, and the front rather than the back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting. (Emily R. Grosholz, On Necklaces. Prairie Schooner, Summer 2007) State an interesting fact about your subject. The peregrine falcon was brought back from the brink of extinction by a ban on DDT, but also by a peregrine falcon mating hat invented by an ornithologist at Cornell University. If you cannot buy this, Google it. Female falcons had grown dangerously scarce. A few wistful males nevertheless maintained a sort of sexual loitering ground. The hat was imagined, constructed, and then forthrightly worn by the ornithologist as he patrolled this loitering ground, singing, Chee-up! Chee-up! and bowing like an overpolite Japanese Buddhist trying to tell somebody goodbye. . . . (David James Duncan, Cherish This Ecstasy. The Sun, July 2008)Present your thesis as a recent discovery or revelation. Ive finally figured out the difference between neat people and sloppy people. The distinction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people. (Suzanne Britt Jordan, Neat People vs. Sloppy People. Show and Tell. Morning Owl Press, 19 83) Briefly describe the place that serves as the primary setting of your essay. It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. A sickly light, like yellow tinfoil, was slanting over the high walls into the jail yard. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot of drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two. (George Orwell, A Hanging, 1931)Recount an incident that dramatizes your subject. One October afternoon three years ago while I was visiting my parents, my mother made a request I dreaded and longed to fulfill. She had just poured me a cup of Earl Grey from her Japanese iron teapot, shaped like a little pumpkin; outside, two cardinals splashed in the birdbath in the we ak Connecticut sunlight. Her white hair was gathered at the nape of her neck, and her voice was low. â€Å"Please help me get Jeff’s pacemaker turned off,† she said, using my father’s first name. I nodded, and my heart knocked. (Katy Butler, What Broke My Fathers Heart. The New York Times Magazine, June 18, 2010) Use the narrative strategy of delay: put off identifying your subject just long enough to pique your readers interest without frustrating them. They woof. Though I have photographed them before, I have never heard them speak, for they are mostly silent birds. Lacking a syrinx, the avian equivalent of the human larynx, they are incapable of song. According to field guides the only sounds they make are grunts and hisses, though the Hawk Conservancy in the United Kingdom reports that adults may utter a croaking coo and that young black vultures, when annoyed, emit a kind of immature snarl. . . . (Lee Zacharias, Buzzards. Southern Humanities Review, 2007)Using the historical present tense, relate an incident from the past as if it were happening now. Ben and I are sitting side by side in the very back of his mother’s station wagon. We face glowing white headlights of cars following us, our sneakers pressed against the back hatch door. This is our joyhis and mineto sit turned away from our moms and dads in this place that feels like a secret, as though they are not even in the car with us. They have just taken us out to dinner, and now we are driving home. Years from this evening, I won’t actually be sure that this boy sitting beside me is named Ben. But that doesn’t matter tonight. What I know for certain right now is that I love him, and I need to tell him this fact before we return to our separate houses, next door to each other. We are both five. (Ryan Van Meter, First. The Gettysburg Review, Winter 2008) Briefly describe a process that leads into your subject. I like to take my time when I pronounce someone dead. The bare-minimum requirement is one minute with a stethoscope pressed to someone’s chest, listening for a sound that is not there; with my fingers bearing down on the side of someone’s neck, feeling for an absent pulse; with a flashlight beamed into someone’s fixed and dilated pupils, waiting for the constriction that will not come. If I’m in a hurry, I can do all of these in sixty seconds, but when I have the time, I like to take a minute with each task. (Jane Churchon, The Dead Book. The Sun, February 2009)Reveal a secret about yourself or make a candid observation about your subject. I spy on my patients. Ought not a doctor to observe his patients by any means and from any stance, that he might the more fully assemble evidence? So I stand in doorways of hospital rooms and gaze. Oh, it is not all that furtive an act. Those in bed need only look up to discover me. But they never do. (Richard Selzer, The Discus Thrower. Confessions of a Knife. Simon Schuster, 1979) Open with a riddle, joke, or humorous quotation, and show how it reveals something about your subject. Q: What did Eve say to Adam on being expelled from the Garden of Eden? A: I think were in a time of transition. The irony of this joke is not lost as we begin a new century and anxieties about social change seem rife. The implication of this message, covering the first of many periods of transition, is that change is normal; there is, in fact, no era or society in which change is not a permanent feature of the social landscape. . . . (Betty G. Farrell, Family: The Making of an Idea, an Institution, and a Controversy in American Culture. Westview Press, 1999)Offer a contrast between past and present that leads to your thesis. As a child, I was made to look out the window of a moving car and appreciate the beautiful scenery, with the result that now I dont care much for nature. I prefer parks, ones with radios going chuckawaka chuckawaka and the delicious whiff of bratwurst and cigare tte smoke. (Garrison Keillor, Walking Down The Canyon. Time, July 31, 2000) Offer a contrast between image and reality- that is, between a common misconception and the opposing truth. They aren’t what most people think they are. Human eyes, touted as ethereal objects by poets and novelists throughout history, are nothing more than white spheres, somewhat larger than your average marble, covered by a leather-like tissue known as sclera and filled with nature’s facsimile of Jell-O. Your beloved’s eyes may pierce your heart, but in all likelihood they closely resemble the eyes of every other person on the planet. At least I hope they do, for otherwise he or she suffers from severe myopia (near-sightedness), hyperopia (far-sightedness), or worse. . . (John Gamel, The Elegant Eye. Alaska Quarterly Review, 2009)

Police Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Police Administration - Essay Example Secondly, both of them emphasize on police-community relationship, whereby there is emphasis on communication through mutual understanding, even though such communication is practiced and projected on different levels in both programs. Thirdly, both programs deploy target hardening together with augmented community participation as part of their crime prevention initiative. This is evident through the assignment of specific officers and patrol officers in conducting security surveys (McElvain, Kposowa, & Gray, 2013). The major difference between NYPD Crime Control Model and the Community policing is that, community policing initiative focuses more so on the three Rs of decentralized policing (McDonald, 2002). That is rapid reactions, random patrols, as well as reactive investigations. However, NYPD Crime Control Model focuses on the refined three Rs principles, and which entails directing police resources to modern crime-control strategies, rather than just observing the three Rs pri nciples alone (McDonald, 2002). In other words, the NYPD Crime Control Model key mission and duty of the police is to prevent crimes, while the key mission and responsibilities of police under community policing is to respond to crimes and which is pegged on numbers of arrests, clearance rates, in addition to response time. (McDonald, 2002). CompStat emphasizes on risk taking instead of risk adversity through an accountability-focused strategies and management principles. Community policing has feel-good collaborative frameworks through its watered-down departmental versions, as the objective is to lessen policing to just standard regulations and routines (Walsh & Vito, 2004). Thus, the community-relation specialists under community policing are tasked in performing uncomplicated and repetitive functions, which requires no discretion. As such, the police role is to be law enforcers instead of also entailing crime prevention. In particular, success under community policing is measure d by number of arrests made rather than the level and number of crimes being committed (McDonald, 2002). However, the NYPD Crime Control Model acknowledges long-term service delivery with specific objectives, like decreasing drug sales by a certain percentage of the in general crimes. Furthermore, the model focuses on attaining precise and timely intelligence, so as to direct resources and personnel to crime areas. Hence, the police officers, patrol officers and detectives are deployed more efficiently compared to community policing (McDonald, 2002). On the contrary, Community policing does not place a huge emphasis on crime data or even communication between principal law enforcers, but on making the public to feel that the police are existing. It is this difference that community policing is known for making police leaders together with their units to operate independently. As a consequence, the patrols are not held liable for crimes within their geographic regions since investiga tions are conducted by specialized units separately, in order to attain their own individual objectives (McDonald, 2002). However, NYPD Crime Control Model ensures that patrols are held accountable for crimes in their region, and that, investigators and specialized units support them in patrol activities, so as to attain a common objective under an accountability framework. The assumption in community policing is that commanders are better able to conduct decisions solely, as they are filled with wisdom and creativity in fighting crimes compared to their line officers (McDonald, 2002).

The Renowned Case of Marbury vs Madison Assignment

The Renowned Case of Marbury vs Madison - Assignment Example Moreover, it also evaluates the decision of John Marshall, the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court regarding the case. The evaluation of this would lead to an understanding of the loopholes in the US Judicial System and improve the US Judicial System. In the case of Marbury v. Madison, there were certain issues that were presented to the court. In this regard, it is observed that the major issue raised was the right of Marbury to serve as the Justice of Peace after being appointed to the same post. Moreover, in this regard, further issues are also presented regarding the infringement of Marbury’s right. Alongside, issues relevant to deal with such circumstances are also illustrated (FindLaw, 2015). The case of Marbury v. Madison had led to the establishment of the Article III of the US constitution. The Article III suggests of the establishment of the Judicial Branches in the US Judicial System. Moreover, the case also suggests of the presence of James Madison, who had been the Secretary of State of the United States. Moreover, it is also important to note that the judgement of the case was drawn under John Marshall. John Marshall had been the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court during the period of the case (FindLaw, 2015). The case of Marbury v. Madison began when William Marbury on 2nd March 1801was appointed as the Justice of the Peace in Columbia District in the US. During that period, it was the last days of John Adam as the President of the nation. Several others were also appointed in different posts, but their commission was not provided. The discontented candidates in this regard filed a case against the Congress (FindLaw, 2015). Marbury v. Madison case is based on the Judicial Review of the Article III of the US constitution. The decision of the Supreme Court regarding the case distinguished and defined the boundary between the executives and the judiciary branches (FindLaw, 2015). The case of Marbury v. Madison began when William Marbury on 2nd March 1801was appointed as the Justice of the Peace in Columbia District in the US.     

Osteoma of Temporal Bone: A Case of Post Aural Swelling

Osteoma of Temporal Bone: A Case of Post Aural Swelling Introduction:- Osteomas are benign tumours of the lamellar bones. In routine ENT practice they are commonly seen as dense radio opaque shadows arising from within the paranasal sinuses. Osteoma of the temporal bone occurs infrequently, and when they occur, are seen most common in the external ear canal. Osteoma originating from the middle ear is very rare. That from the mastoid are rarer. We document such a rare presentation of osteoma arising from the mastoid. Case report:- Presenting case of a previously healthy 32-year-old woman, referred to the ENT clinic for assessment of a left retroauricular mass that had been slowly increasing in size for past 1 year. This patient was asymptomatic, but reported unsightly appearance of this mass. On examination, she was found to have a 3 cm X 3cm globular hard bony swelling above and behind the left mastoid process fixed to the underlying bone. It was non tender. Detailed ENT examination including facial nerve function was normal. There were no bony exostoses in the external ear canal. CT scan of the petrous temporal bones demonstrated a bone tumour arising from the left mastoid cortex with no other associated abnormality of the petrous temporal bone, suggesting a typical mastoid osteoma (Fig. 2). Surgical resection was performed under local anaesthesia via a retroauricular incision. Following skin dissection and exposure of the bone tumour, the tumour was completely resected by a mastoid drill with cutting burr(fig 3a,b,c). Finally the edges of the bone were polished with a round burr and the incision closed in layers. She had an uneventful postoperative period(fig 4). Histopathology confirmed an osteoid osteoma(fig 5). Discussion:- Osteoma is a slow growing tumor formed by mature bone tissue. Osteoid osteoma is a primary bone tumor accounting for 10% of all primary bone tumors.1  It mostly occurs in long bones. In the skull it mainly affects the  frontoethmoid region. Very uncommonly it affects the temporal bone.  They are rare in the sphenoid sinus and extremely rare on temporal and occipital squama.2 In the temporal region, osteomas are essentially reported in the external auditory canal, or more rarely in the middle ear,along the auditory canal or the styloid process, in the temporomandibular joint, in the apex of the petrous temporal bone or in the internal auditory canal 3 and only exceptionally in the mastoid 4. It has higher incidence in female patients,predominantly in the 2nd and 3rd decade of life and is rare in puberty. 6 As illustrated by the case reported here, osteomas arising from outer cortex of the mastoid are associated with minimal or no symptoms. They are essentially responsible for unsightly deformity of the retroauricular region, or even detachment of the external ear in the case of a very large, anterior tumour. Mastoid osteomas can cause local tenderness and interfere with wearing glasses. Even though it is normally asymptomatic it may produce pain by invasion of surrounding structures or widening of periosteium.If located in the external auditory canal it may lead to occlusion progressing to chronic otitis externa (30% of cases) and conductive hearing loss7,8.In the present case patient did not have any complaints and swelling was removed for cosmetic reasons. While the exact etiology of osteomas is not well understood, they are thought to arise from preosseus connective tissue. There is some evidence that osteomas are of congenital nature 9. The most widely accepted theories for the etiopathogenesis of osteomas include embryogenesis and metaplasia following recurrent local irritation and trauma. Three types of mastoid osteomas have been described, based on structural characteristics.10,11,12 †¢ Compact: The most frequent one. Comprising dense, compact and lamellar bone, with few vessels and Haversian canals system. Those with dense sclerotic bone are called ivory osteoma. Compact osteomas have a wider base and are very slow growing †¢ Cartilaginous: Comprising bone and cartilaginous elements †¢ Spongy: Rare type. Comprised by spongy bone and fibrous cell tissue,with tendency to expand to the diploe and involving the internal and external lamina of the affected bone, have bone marrow and also known as cancellous or osteoid osteomas. They are more likely to be pedunculated and grow relatively faster. †¢ Mixed: Mixture of spongy and compact types. It is important to differentiate osteomas from exostoses. They should be considered separate clinical entities. Osteomas are bony growths that are single,unilateral and pedunculated and arise from the tympanosquamous or tympanomastoid suture lines laterally, whereas exostoses are multiple, usually bilateral and broad based and are found medial to the sutures of the temporal bone 13. Osteomas are true bone tumors and exostoses are thought to be a reactive condition secondary to multiple cold-water immersions or recurrent otitis externa. Disagreement still exists whether external auditory canal exostoses and osteoma should be considered as separate histopathological entities. JE Fenton et al in their study have concluded that they cannot be differentiated on routine histopathological examination 14. Osteoma occurrence may be syndromic or non syndromic. They may occur as a feature of Gardener’s syndrome, which is characterized by multiple intestinal polyps, epidermoid inclusion c ysts, fibromas of the skin and mesentery and osteomas. Osteomas in Gardener’s syndrome have a predilection for membranous bones and as such the mandible and maxilla are more commonly involved 15. Non-contrast computed tomography of the petrous temporal bones is the examination of choice for diagnosis and staging. It reveals a rounded bone lesion of the outer cortex of the mastoid, with regular margins, with a pedunculated or sessile implantation base. Superficial mastoid osteoma presents no signs of intrapetrosal extension and the mastoid air cells remain perfectly aerated. In rare cases, the osteoma can extend medially into the petrous temporal bone adjacent to the facial nerve, lateral semicircular canal or ossicles. In these cases, imaging can define the anatomical relations with these structures before considering surgical resection 3,4,16-18. Imaging is also useful to define the differential diagnosis between osteoma and other mastoid bone tumours, especially osteosarcoma, bone metastases, multiple myeloma, giant cell tumour, lesions encountered in Paget’s disease or fibrous dysplasia 3,4. Signs suggestive of a malignant lesion are rapid growth, pain and a poorly delimited, heterogeneous, osteolytic appearance on CT. Treatment is indicated for osteomas that are symptomatic or cosmetically unacceptable. Excision or drilling of superficial lesions of the mastoid and squama is a simple procedure. At surgery, since the lesions are always limited to the external cortex a cleavage plane is always encountered when tumor meets normal bone19. In mastoid osteomas extending into the fallopian canal and bony labyrinth, complete excision is not indicated since there may be damage to these structures .Follow up is needed in cases where partial excision is  done or where expectant treatment is adopted. Surgical resection usually raises few technical problems: retroauricular incision adapted to the size of the lesion, exposure of the osteoma, then resection with a bone chisel or curette or by reaming, depending on the size of the osteoma and its sessile or pedunculated implantation. A retroauricular subcutaneous depression may be observed after the operation 20. Conclusions:- Osteomas are tumors predominantly arising from the long bones and rarely from the flat bones of the skull. When present they should be treated as per the symptoms of the patient. Osteomas present within the ear need to be dealt carefully, for fear of damage to vital structures.Osteomas present on the mastoid or squamous portion of the temporal bone need to be dealt for cosmetic purposes or if they are causing symptoms. References:- 1. Kransdorf MJ, Stull MA, Gilkey FW, et al. Osteoid osteoma. Radiographics 1991; 11:671 -96 2. Sente M, Topolac R, Peic-Gavran K, Aleksov G. Frontal sinus osteoma as a cause of purulent meningitis. Med Pregl 1999;52(3-5):169-72 3. Dominguez Pà ©rez AD, Rodrà ­guez Romero R, Domà ­nguez Durà ¡nE, Riquelme MontaËÅ"no P, Alcà ¡ntara Bernal R, Monreal Rodrà ­guezC. El osteoma en la mastoids, ActaOtorrinolaringol Esp 2011;62:140—3. 4. KimCW, Oh SJ, Kang JM, Ahn HY. Multiple osteomas in the middle. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006;263:1151—4. 5. D’Ottovai LR, Piccirillo E, De Sanctis S, et al. Mastoid osteomas: review of the literature and presentation of two clinical cases.Acta Otorinolaringol Ital 1997;17:136—9. 6. Dugert E, Lagleyre S, Brouchet A, Deguine O, Cognard C, Bonneville F. Osteoid Osteoma Invading the Posterior Labyrinth of the Petrous Bone AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Oct;31(9):1764-6 7 .Gupta OP, Samant IC. Osteoma of mastoid.laryngoscope 1972;82:172-6 8. Bruton DM,Gonzalez C.Mastoid osteoma.Ear Nose Throat J 1991;70:161-2 9. Yamasoba T, Harada T, Okunao T, Nomura Y. Osteoma of themiddle ear. Report of a case. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116:1214-6. 10. Varshney S. Osteoma of temporal bone. Indian J of Otol 2001;7:91-2. 11. Probost LE, Shanken L, Fox R. Osteoma of the mastoid bone. J Otolaryngol 1991;20:228-30. 12. Singh I, Sanasam JC, Bhatia PL, Singh LS. Giant osteoma of the mastoid. Ear Nose Throat J 1979;58. 13 Sheehy JJ. Diffuse exostoses and osteomata of the external auditory canal: A report of 100 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1982;90:337-42 14. Fenton JE, Turner J, Fagan PA. A histopathological review of temporal bone exostoses and osteoma. Laryngoscope 1996;106:624-8. 15. Earl H Harley, Robert G Berkowitz. Imaging case study of the month, Osteoma of the middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:714 16. Quesnel AM, Lee DJ. Extensive osteomas of the temporal parietaloccipital skull. Otol Neurotol 2011;32:e3—4. 17.Ben-Yaakov A, Wohlgelernter J, Gross M. Osteoma of the lateral semicircular canal. Acta Otolaryngol 2006;126:1005—7. 18. Gungor A, Cincik H, Poyazoglu E, et al. Mastoid osteomas: reportof two cases. Otol Neurotol 2004;25:95—7. 19. Antonio Denia, Fransisco Perez, Rinaldo R, Canalis R, Malcolm D Graham. Extracanalicular osteomas of the temporal bone. Arch Otolaryngol 1979;105:706-9. 20. Probst LE, Shankar L, Fox R. Osteoma the mastoid bone. J Otolaryngol 1991;20:228—30

Learning importance and a example of essay in learning Essay

Learning is a major part of life. People tend to learn in every steps of their life. Learning does not necessarily involve complex terms, it can also be primitive things that keeps happening in day to day life of an individual. Everybody has different interest, likewise they have a different pattern of learning things. Some people learn faster through visual medium, some through audio, and some just writing down the things depending upon what the subject matter is. I believe that learning process does not start when one settles in a formal environment but it start right from the birth of an individual. Walking, talking, decision making etc. are some examples including every other primary things are the result of learning. Every time anyone has to acquire a new skills, they need to be focused and scrutinize the subject matter thoroughly, that is how learning happens. Learning affects the confidence of a person as well. If someone learn things quickly than they have higher confidence in doing things and learning new things as well. After going through the video couple of times I realized that one who puts hard work and devotion in learning new things can automatically adapt into the ways the things are done and will become successful. I myself am very much interested in music and vaguely inspired by the beauty of it. I think music can be the most influential thing in an individual life. Music can make a person relax after a hard day at work, cure the illness, provides maximum level of comfort to an individual. Being so much influenced on music I have managed to learn a very few instruments and it always gives me pleasure and comfort when I am playing them. But I do not want to stop here. I want to learn more about music. I want to be able to read the music and understand every keys and notation in it. I want to be a musician like David Gilmour from the greatest band ever, â€Å"Pink Floyd,† who is able to play any string musical instrument that exists in planet today. I am currently doing my major in Business with Information Technology however in order to fulfill my ambition in music I have also planned to take music as my minor subject and later on carry it as my profession along with my  Business major degree. It is very much important to me because of my vague interest in it, but mostly it makes me very happy. Finally, I am profoundly inspired from the video that I just watched and it helped me to boost up my morale. I do have much respect for the people attempting to make things happen and these people are just one of those few who dare to take the challenges and do something that makes difference to others.

Cicero On Duty Essay

Cicero’s definition of duty is a term in which in this course, is far reached than what we would have ever thought duty would stand for. Defining duty can be said to be a commitment or obligation to someone or something that causes them to pursue a certain action. Duty is split into two parts which consist of dealing with what is the â€Å"supreme† good and second, practicing rules which are strictly regulated in all means of daily life. Another classification of duties are duties which are middle or complete. Complete duty is link to being what is â€Å"right†. Middle duty is the reasoning behind why has it been done. When Cicero writes about individual activism we consider the duties that are honorable and dishonorable. What is honorable or dishonorable? People’s spirits are often pulled between opposing opinions. The individual then has to see whether or not it will offer him an advantage in life. Cicero discusses the major principal thought on duty which is based on a conservative standpoint. The different forms of duty happened due to human nature. Civic duty takes different forms. Civic duty will always leads back to the people that live in the society. Questions asked is what do we owe? What can I do? Cicero writes how the nature of a person will influence his decisions based on what is the â€Å"honorable† thing to do at a certain time. A individual showing wisdom towards the publics concern is part of the action. Cicero uses a strong example when he speaks about promising to be at a appointment but not showing up due to someone close to you getting ill. He explains how not making the appointment would not be contrary to your duty because you abandoned what you promised. This shows your neighbor that your character can’t be trusted. The fellowship you keep with the community is a responsibility. Fellowship is so important to the form of civic duty according to cicero. He explains how one should be able to share, give advice, and cause no evil to their neighbor. Justice is the foundation of duty. Justice in a society emphasizes on the civic duty to ones state. As a citizen you should never find yourself on an omission state but to be contributing in honest forms towards society. Other principles is that of carrying a great spirit. It would help you have courage in your actions and for that reason you will hold honor towards yourself. When Cicero writes about the reasons for why people have duties towards the public sphere he believes that the individual is part of the community. He contributes it all the to belief of Stoicism. Aristotelian is another close source in which we can speak about duties, but Cicero’s true belief was that virtues is key to duty. Stoicism is the school of thought that holds the belief that the only way we can make sense of our own existence is by devoting ourselves to virtues. People who follow this pathway believe that the majority things of daily life are stuff we can’t control, but yet we can contribute our life to society in a better way. Honor is another reason why individuals choose certain choices that lead you to be seen as a noble person in your society. The wide picture is seen towards how the community sees the individuals actions according to the standards in which have been placed. It doesn’t seem like an individual would ever perform a duty if honor wasn’t the reward. An individual who doesn’t care for much pleasure would mostly likely seek out honor in the public sphere. In conclusion Cicero comes up with the belief that the main stance on duty should always be honor, because honor is the only thing that really brings out the obligations that we owe to ourselves and the society you live in.