Your Brain and Behavior Critical Thinking

The cerebral cortex is the seat of mostly voluntary and conscious actions performed by the body. Reading is a complex activity that involves various parts of the brain to function both in consonance and in sequence to bring about the understanding that we require when we read. The occipital lobe of the brain is heavily involved in the process of reading. The occipital lobe of the brain is located at the posterior aspect of the brain. Fibers from the optic nerve that sub serves the eyes terminate in the occipital cortex. The temporoparietal and occipitotemporal cortical regions are also involved in the process of reading. Visual information is mapped into auditory and conceptual information in these areas of the brain. The left hemisphere of the brain is involved in these processes. Neurotransmitters involved in the circuits include serotonin, noradrenaline and acetylcholine. All these three neurotransmitters are distributed to all cortical areas. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is the neurotransmitter used by most cortical interneurones. Other parts of the brain may be involved in the process of reading, depending on the content of the material. Therefore, the amygdala, which is concerned with emotional activities, could actually be activated by the process of reading if the material provokes any emotion. The Hippocampus is heavily involved in the process of reading because it is concerned with memory. In order to understand the material being read, the information must be stored in the short-term memory circuit. Moreover, in order to be able to recall the information later, the information is transferred to the long-term memory. In conclusion, reading is a complex activity that brings together many parts of the cerebral cortex in order to function optimally. Reference P. T. Turkeltaub et al (2003). Development of neural mechanisms for reading. Nature Neuroscience Vol 6. retrieved from http://www.nature.com/neuroscience on 3rd July, 2012.

Karl Marx and His Beliefs About Society Essay - 1608 Words

Karl Marx and His Beliefs About Society In the beginning of the nineteenth century, several aspects of life were coming together for those that lived in Europe, and especially for those that lived in England. The Scientific Revolution had ended in the late seventeenth century; consequently, leaving the lingering aspects of science as a proven way to show that some ideologies of the Catholic Church were incorrect. The Enlightenment of the late eighteenth century had caused all of England and Europe to decide where to let their lives lead them in terms of faith; either towards Christianity, or towards Protestantism. The final time period that had a major impact on the English and European society was the Industrial Revolution,†¦show more content†¦However, the philosophers consisted on getting their evidence through to the Church and the rest of European society. This event in history changed the mindset of most people from believing absolutely everything that the Church said was true, to questioning the beliefs that they had been believing for many years. It allowed people to realize that human reason could be used to devise how things actually were, thus allowing these same people the opportunity to decide their own beliefs. They did not need to rely on the existence of the Church to state all facts, hence, allowing them to have the opportunity to explore new things for themselves. This lead to the realization that Europe needed to be enlightened, and that the people needed to learn values and ideas for themselves. The Enlightenment was a time when the people of Europe used human intellect to help comprehend what to believe, especially in terms of their faith. The Catholic Church did not want the outside influence of those that felt as though there were alternatives to the catechism of what the Church taught as truth. The theory that science is based on the assumption that God is an unnecessary hypothesis in which there is no need to have in faith in order to prove and understand scientific theories is very evident in the ideas that Marx tried to express in the Communist Manifesto.1 Thus, scientists felt as thoughShow MoreRelatedTotalitarian Leaders: Stalin, Marx, and Mustapha Mond Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesrulers such as no freedom of religion, speech, or press to name a few. The more famous philosophies of totalitarian rulers, Joseph Stalin and Karl Marx, are reflected by the actions of the World Controllers in Brave New World. From the philosophical beliefs of Karl Marx to Stalin ’s belief in education, the World Controllers actions mirror Joseph Stalin and Karl Marx. Under the rule of Stalin many schools, homes, and hospitals were built (Caulkins 90). Stalin like most totalitarian rulers used the childrenRead MoreAnimal Farm: a Compare and Contrast on Karl Marx Communist Manifesto1037 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Research the life of Karl Marx. What were the fundamentals of his Communist Manifesto and how do they compare to the ideas expressed by Old Major in Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella written by George Orwell in 1945. This particular story by George Orwell reflects on the events leading up to and during Stalin era in Russia. During the time he wrote, the work of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto was being followed by the Russian leaders, and some of Marx’s ideas can be foundRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1384 Words   |  6 Pageswritten by Karl Marx and have forever changed the course of history. On May 5, 1818, Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (modern day Trier, Germany) to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. Throughout Karl’s schooling years, he was considered to be an ordinary student; he was not an outstanding student and did not take school seriously. In 1835, Marx began his college career at the University of Bonn, a college known for their rebellious students and wild parties. All too quickly Marx was sweptRead MoreKarl Marx Manifesto Analysis907 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx studied law and philosophy and he was heavily involved in political, economic, and social issues throughout his adult life. In 1843 he relocated to the radical city of Paris where he met his lifelong friend and collaborator, Friedrich Engels. (BBC, 2014) In 1847, a group of prominent communists of various nationalities met in London and commissioned Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to devise â€Å"The Manifesto of the Communist Party.† In the introduction to the manifesto, Ma rx says the SpectreRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Common Sense By Thomas Paine1474 Words   |  6 PagesTse-Tung. Karl Marx’ works, Capital and The Communist Manifesto, have forever changed the course of history. On May 5, 1818, Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (modern day Trier, Germany) to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. Throughout Karl’s schooling years, he was considered to be an ordinary student and did not take school seriously. In 1835, Marx began his college career at the University of Bonn, a college known for their rebellious students and wild parties. All too quickly, Marx was sweptRead MoreThe Radical Nature of Social Contract Theorists Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesMan is increasingly intrigued by human nature and how society functions. Because of this interest, there is a plethora of concepts surrounding man and his condition. The social contract, an agreement among individuals where individuals must sacrifice something for protection, is a cornerstone in the operation of society. Over the years, various social contract theorists have worked to understand the ties that bind man. Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, and Friedrich Nietzsche, each felt constrained by the irRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and theorists views over the others.991 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and outline how they perceived religion operating socially. Discuss why you chose your preferred theorists views over the others. Marx, Durkheim and Weber each had different sociological views of the role and function of Religion. My preferred theorists view’s on Religion is Karl Marx’s as I feel his ideas are more relevantRead MoreMarx, Emile Durkheim, And Max Weber : The Unjust Theory Of The New World1470 Words   |  6 Pages Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber were all born from a middle-class background in Europe. First Karl Marx was born in (1818-1883), Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920) was close to Durkheim in age, but forty years later after Marx. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are the most essential theorist of the nineteenth century whose theories are well known today. Their thinking was based on the rising of the preindustrial, and industrial revolution society. Europe went throughRead More Karl Marxs Life and Work Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marxs Life and Work As a German philosopher, a politician, and an important figure within the Communist League, Karl Heinrich Marx birthed a new way of looking at things through his beliefs, ideas, and writings. Karl Marx was considered to be â€Å"†¦certainly one of the most important minds of modern times†(1). He wanted to know more about philosophy, so that he might understand the political and social system better. http://csf.colorado.edu/mirrors/marxists.org/archive/marx/photo/indexRead MoreKarl Marx : An Atheist And Materialist1204 Words   |  5 Pages29, 2014 Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 05, 1818 in Trier, Germany to Heinrich Marx, a lawyer, and Henriette Presburg Marx, a Dutchwoman. The eldest of five children, Marx was baptized Jewish as his parents however; attended a Lutheran elementary school. He soon rejected both the Christian and Jewish religions, becoming an atheist and materialist. Marx claimed that Religion is the opium of the people† (Karl) He later attended Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium where he met his childhood

Doll House Free Essays

Act I Example 1: (p1600) Helmer: â€Å"That is like a woman! But seriously, Nora, you know how I feel about that. No debt, no borrowing† Torvald thinks that every woman is the same and woman is debt and owe from man but he did not accept that his life depend on borrowing. Example 2: (p. We will write a custom essay sample on Doll House or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1605) Nora: â€Å"Tell me, is it really true that you did not love your husband? Why did you marry him? †/ Mrs. Linde: â€Å"My mother was alive then, and was bedridden and helpless, and I had to provide for my two younger brothers; so I didn’t think I had any right to turn him down. † Almost women at that time always think that married a rich man is the only way to be better (about finance). Example 3: (p. 1607) Nora: â€Å"Besides, how painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his masculine pride, to know that he owed me anything! â€Å". Act II Example 1: (p1624) Helmer: â€Å"They already know at the Bank that I’m going to fire Krogstad. Do you think I’m going to let them all say that the new manager has changed his mind because his wife said to† He could not accept that a man listen to his wife. That is an affront. Example 2: (p. 1629) Nora (jumping up and going to him). â€Å"Oh, dear, sweet Doctor Rank, I didn’t mean that way. But surely you can understand that being with Torvald is a little like being with papa† In Nora mind, she is always under pressure of man, even her husband, she respect him, idolize him as her father Act III Example 1: (p1637) Mrs. Linde:†Nils, when a woman has sold herself for someone else’s sake, she doesn’t do it a second time. † Woman must to worship her husband and never remarried or adultery. It is the quality, the standard of woman. Example 2: (p1640) Helmer: â€Å"What? You’re serious, Nora! You won’t? You won’t I’m your husband† Husbands think that He owns his wife (either her soul or her body). She cannot deny every request from him. . How to cite Doll House, Essay examples

Auditing HIH Insurance Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Auditingfor HIH Insurance Ltd. Answer: In relation to HIH Insurance Ltd, it is notable that its insurance business failed to function in an appropriate way, thereby resulting in the appearance of various kinds of risks. In other words, the way by which a proper business must work, could not be undertaken by HIH Insurance Ltd. The key reason to such improper functioning of the company can be attributed to an improper due diligence process and other statutory compliances, thereby forcing Winterthur Insurance to withdraw their interest. In relation to the business risk of the company, it must be kept in mind that investment of public funds in the company must be looked after in an appropriate way. Moreover, such companies are responsible for undertaking prior precautionary measures by adhering to various statutory provisions and maintaining effective due diligence processes (Heeler, 2009). Furthermore, in order to assess business risks of HIH Insurance Ltd, it must be noted that every company must adopt a proper study of market and relevant understanding of their businesses, but this was not prevalent in the case of HIH. Moreover, since the company had attained several businesses and diversified its operations into segments like marine, aviation, etc, without proper due diligence and permission of the Board, various associated risks started to emerge. On a whole, due to lack of proper research into several businesses, the company failed to adopt provisions based on claims settlement. Nonetheless, these irregularities damaged the companys capital structure and made it vulnerable (Christensen, 2011). All the irregularities of HIH Insurance played a key role in enhancing the inherent risk factors. A major setback happened when it took over FAI Insurance at a premium rate. Moreover, prior to such takeover, the company did not undertake proper due diligence processes. This loss became a major disadvantage for the company when it bought the shares of FAI at a premium rate. Furthermore, second risk factor relates with the discontinuation of industrial measures of maintaining prudential standards by the company. Since these standards assist in safeguarding contingencies and natural disasters, the company introduced reinsurance policy instead of these, thereby enhancing its inherent profile of risks (Mock et. al, 2013). Thirdly, the huge sum expended for auditing and consulting services by the company, its accounts, and other activities depicted various flaws that make it questionable in the minds of others. This also resulted in enhancing the inherent risk profile of the company. Furth ermore, lack of non-executive auditors and directors independence made the companys vigilance complicated (Cappelleto, 2010). Therefore, under-reserving measures, incapability to pay off liabilities, the absence of proper supervision, etc, played a role in increasing the inherent risks of HIH Insurance. Lastly, purchasing companies having a relationship with its competitors also destroyed its position because competitors always desire for such opportunities to arise. Hence, these are all the inherent risk factors that contributed to an increase in the inherent risk assessment of the company. In relation to HIH Insurance, it can be witnessed that the directors of the company fraudulently utilized the funds invested by the public, by issuing and holding current annuity rate policies. Moreover, such a scenario was also prevalent in the court case of Equitable Life Assurance Society vs. Hyman wherein the directors of Equitable Life allotted various bonuses to the policyholders against the accepted terms and conditions. Therefore, because of such fraud, Equitable Society was held liable and terminated by the House of Lords. Hence, Anderson can take into account such a court case in ascertaining the possibility of the partnership being held responsible to clients. Furthermore, in relation to the partnership being liable to the creditors, Anderson can take the court case of Harris vs. Balk into account for future reference. Besides, this court case can assist in encountering the declaratory knowledge of the partnership. In this case, it was held by the Supreme Court that the personal service wherein the court stays is appropriate, could offer court personal influence over it. Besides, the situs of a debt aligns with that of the debtor (Kaplan Williams, 2013. Negligence generally comprises of something that an ordinary or reasonable individual would not commit or running away from committing anything that an individual would do after scrutinizing the scenarios (Gilbert et. al, 2005). Hence, if a person intentionally falsifies or contravenes the rules and regulations by taking signatures of policyholders without their permission, it is termed as intentional negligence and punishable as well. Therefore, to ascertain negligence to be upheld, an act of contravention is compulsory, and there must be a proper duty. Besides, it is upon the jury to decide whether an act is a negligent one or not. For this purpose, both plaintiff and defendant must bring forward relevant matters in order to allow the jury to make a proper It is upon the plaintiff to prove whether any injury or loss has occurred because of the defendants negligence. Similarly, the defendant must undertake proper care to the plaintiff, or else the jury may rule the judgment in the f avor of the plaintiff. After bringing forward their matters, the lawyers of both plaintiff and defendant must bring their claims so that the jury is convinced of the actual happening. In relation to HIH Insurance Ltd, its management consisted of three prior partners who worked in the audit firm. The company wanted to hire these prior members of the external audit team because according to the company, such team was already well known with its operations, and therefore hiring the same team would fetch them more opportunities for the future. Moreover, this can assist in effective risk management and the parties can procure an effective level when prior members work in the team. However, it was shocking that investing huge amounts of resources in auditing and consulting services, many loopholes generated, which concludes that such prior members were hired to manipulate the company accounts. It is the auditors duty to understand the business functioning and report in case of any irregularities to the Board. However, in the case of HIH Insurance Ltd, provision of auditing and consulting services by the same firm has raised many objectives. Nevertheless, it has also been witnessed that such combination of services through the same firm can assist in developing expertise in several areas of business that no other consultant can cater to. Furthermore, with an enhancement of a number of transactions in todays businesses, substitute choices such as consultancy, etc, looked after by the auditors are very beneficial in enhancing business operations. In addition, services associated with taxation policies and human resource management can also be offered by such audit firms that are effective for enhancing judgments. On a whole, the more understanding of business procured by auditors, the more developed will be the provision of consultancy services (Baldwin, 2010). Hence, provisi on of both auditing and consulting services through a single firm has its own limitations and advantages, but it depends upon the management to make proper decisions regarding selecting such firms. As per the rules designed under the ethics code, an auditor can offer consultancy services as well as auditing services. However, an auditors independence must not be deteriorated because of such decision, as it directly influences the judgment by making it biased (Sawyer, 2013). Furthermore, there are specific scopes under such code of ethics that avoid the operation of auditing services against the well-being of the company (Hoffelder, 2012). In other words, if an auditor offers consultancy services that are associated with taxation policy or human resource management, it is ethical. However, if such an auditor also plays a key role in managing the books and accounts of the company, it is considered unethical by nature. Hence, in relation to HIH Insurance Ltd, it can be witnessed that the hiring of previous partners of the external audit team is unethical by nature, as they failed to report any loopholes and irregularities prevailing in the companys operations. In relation to HIH Insurance Ltd, it can be witnessed that because of improper decisions and ineffective management on the part of the company, various risks arose that resulted in its downfall. Besides, this example can be very relevant in the case of any insurance businesses. Hence, to avoid any kind of such incidents in the upcoming tenure, the CLERP and Ramsay Report designed several strict frameworks that must be followed by every insurance company. Moreover, the prime goal behind such introduction was to replace the irregularities in the present system. On a whole, it can be stated that the processes of the audit are crucial for the smooth functioning of a company, as it assists in assessing the true and fair value of its financial position. In addition, adherence to every other statutory provision is compulsory as it assists the companies to enhance their reputation in the market, thereby enhancing their performance as a whole (Parker et. al, 2013). Moreover, these statutory c ompliances also accommodate undertaking of prior due diligence before making any relevant decision that can affect the companys operations, thereby resulting in its downfall. References Baldwin, S 2010, Doing a content audit or inventory, Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne Christensen, J. 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Gilbert, W. Joseph J Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol.3, pp. 66-92 Heeler, D 2009, Audit Principles, Risk Assessment Effective Reporting, Pearson Press Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Kaplan, S. Williams, D 2013, Do going concern audit reports protect auditors from litigation? A simultaneous equations approach, The Accounting Review, 88(1), 199-232. Mock, T. , , Bdard, J., Coram, P., Davis, S., Espahbodi, R. Warne, R 2013, The audit reporting model: Current research synthesis and implications, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. 32, 323-351. Parker, L, Guthrie, J Linacre, S 2011, The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5-14. Sawyer, L 2003, Sawyer's Internal Auditing, Institute of Internal Auditors.