Osteoma of Temporal Bone: A Case of Post Aural Swelling

Osteoma of Temporal Bone: A Case of Post Aural Swelling Introduction:- Osteomas are benign tumours of the lamellar bones. In routine ENT practice they are commonly seen as dense radio opaque shadows arising from within the paranasal sinuses. Osteoma of the temporal bone occurs infrequently, and when they occur, are seen most common in the external ear canal. Osteoma originating from the middle ear is very rare. That from the mastoid are rarer. We document such a rare presentation of osteoma arising from the mastoid. Case report:- Presenting case of a previously healthy 32-year-old woman, referred to the ENT clinic for assessment of a left retroauricular mass that had been slowly increasing in size for past 1 year. This patient was asymptomatic, but reported unsightly appearance of this mass. On examination, she was found to have a 3 cm X 3cm globular hard bony swelling above and behind the left mastoid process fixed to the underlying bone. It was non tender. Detailed ENT examination including facial nerve function was normal. There were no bony exostoses in the external ear canal. CT scan of the petrous temporal bones demonstrated a bone tumour arising from the left mastoid cortex with no other associated abnormality of the petrous temporal bone, suggesting a typical mastoid osteoma (Fig. 2). Surgical resection was performed under local anaesthesia via a retroauricular incision. Following skin dissection and exposure of the bone tumour, the tumour was completely resected by a mastoid drill with cutting burr(fig 3a,b,c). Finally the edges of the bone were polished with a round burr and the incision closed in layers. She had an uneventful postoperative period(fig 4). Histopathology confirmed an osteoid osteoma(fig 5). Discussion:- Osteoma is a slow growing tumor formed by mature bone tissue. Osteoid osteoma is a primary bone tumor accounting for 10% of all primary bone tumors.1  It mostly occurs in long bones. In the skull it mainly affects the  frontoethmoid region. Very uncommonly it affects the temporal bone.  They are rare in the sphenoid sinus and extremely rare on temporal and occipital squama.2 In the temporal region, osteomas are essentially reported in the external auditory canal, or more rarely in the middle ear,along the auditory canal or the styloid process, in the temporomandibular joint, in the apex of the petrous temporal bone or in the internal auditory canal 3 and only exceptionally in the mastoid 4. It has higher incidence in female patients,predominantly in the 2nd and 3rd decade of life and is rare in puberty. 6 As illustrated by the case reported here, osteomas arising from outer cortex of the mastoid are associated with minimal or no symptoms. They are essentially responsible for unsightly deformity of the retroauricular region, or even detachment of the external ear in the case of a very large, anterior tumour. Mastoid osteomas can cause local tenderness and interfere with wearing glasses. Even though it is normally asymptomatic it may produce pain by invasion of surrounding structures or widening of periosteium.If located in the external auditory canal it may lead to occlusion progressing to chronic otitis externa (30% of cases) and conductive hearing loss7,8.In the present case patient did not have any complaints and swelling was removed for cosmetic reasons. While the exact etiology of osteomas is not well understood, they are thought to arise from preosseus connective tissue. There is some evidence that osteomas are of congenital nature 9. The most widely accepted theories for the etiopathogenesis of osteomas include embryogenesis and metaplasia following recurrent local irritation and trauma. Three types of mastoid osteomas have been described, based on structural characteristics.10,11,12 †¢ Compact: The most frequent one. Comprising dense, compact and lamellar bone, with few vessels and Haversian canals system. Those with dense sclerotic bone are called ivory osteoma. Compact osteomas have a wider base and are very slow growing †¢ Cartilaginous: Comprising bone and cartilaginous elements †¢ Spongy: Rare type. Comprised by spongy bone and fibrous cell tissue,with tendency to expand to the diploe and involving the internal and external lamina of the affected bone, have bone marrow and also known as cancellous or osteoid osteomas. They are more likely to be pedunculated and grow relatively faster. †¢ Mixed: Mixture of spongy and compact types. It is important to differentiate osteomas from exostoses. They should be considered separate clinical entities. Osteomas are bony growths that are single,unilateral and pedunculated and arise from the tympanosquamous or tympanomastoid suture lines laterally, whereas exostoses are multiple, usually bilateral and broad based and are found medial to the sutures of the temporal bone 13. Osteomas are true bone tumors and exostoses are thought to be a reactive condition secondary to multiple cold-water immersions or recurrent otitis externa. Disagreement still exists whether external auditory canal exostoses and osteoma should be considered as separate histopathological entities. JE Fenton et al in their study have concluded that they cannot be differentiated on routine histopathological examination 14. Osteoma occurrence may be syndromic or non syndromic. They may occur as a feature of Gardener’s syndrome, which is characterized by multiple intestinal polyps, epidermoid inclusion c ysts, fibromas of the skin and mesentery and osteomas. Osteomas in Gardener’s syndrome have a predilection for membranous bones and as such the mandible and maxilla are more commonly involved 15. Non-contrast computed tomography of the petrous temporal bones is the examination of choice for diagnosis and staging. It reveals a rounded bone lesion of the outer cortex of the mastoid, with regular margins, with a pedunculated or sessile implantation base. Superficial mastoid osteoma presents no signs of intrapetrosal extension and the mastoid air cells remain perfectly aerated. In rare cases, the osteoma can extend medially into the petrous temporal bone adjacent to the facial nerve, lateral semicircular canal or ossicles. In these cases, imaging can define the anatomical relations with these structures before considering surgical resection 3,4,16-18. Imaging is also useful to define the differential diagnosis between osteoma and other mastoid bone tumours, especially osteosarcoma, bone metastases, multiple myeloma, giant cell tumour, lesions encountered in Paget’s disease or fibrous dysplasia 3,4. Signs suggestive of a malignant lesion are rapid growth, pain and a poorly delimited, heterogeneous, osteolytic appearance on CT. Treatment is indicated for osteomas that are symptomatic or cosmetically unacceptable. Excision or drilling of superficial lesions of the mastoid and squama is a simple procedure. At surgery, since the lesions are always limited to the external cortex a cleavage plane is always encountered when tumor meets normal bone19. In mastoid osteomas extending into the fallopian canal and bony labyrinth, complete excision is not indicated since there may be damage to these structures .Follow up is needed in cases where partial excision is  done or where expectant treatment is adopted. Surgical resection usually raises few technical problems: retroauricular incision adapted to the size of the lesion, exposure of the osteoma, then resection with a bone chisel or curette or by reaming, depending on the size of the osteoma and its sessile or pedunculated implantation. A retroauricular subcutaneous depression may be observed after the operation 20. Conclusions:- Osteomas are tumors predominantly arising from the long bones and rarely from the flat bones of the skull. When present they should be treated as per the symptoms of the patient. Osteomas present within the ear need to be dealt carefully, for fear of damage to vital structures.Osteomas present on the mastoid or squamous portion of the temporal bone need to be dealt for cosmetic purposes or if they are causing symptoms. References:- 1. Kransdorf MJ, Stull MA, Gilkey FW, et al. Osteoid osteoma. Radiographics 1991; 11:671 -96 2. Sente M, Topolac R, Peic-Gavran K, Aleksov G. Frontal sinus osteoma as a cause of purulent meningitis. Med Pregl 1999;52(3-5):169-72 3. Dominguez Pà ©rez AD, Rodrà ­guez Romero R, Domà ­nguez Durà ¡nE, Riquelme MontaËÅ"no P, Alcà ¡ntara Bernal R, Monreal Rodrà ­guezC. El osteoma en la mastoids, ActaOtorrinolaringol Esp 2011;62:140—3. 4. KimCW, Oh SJ, Kang JM, Ahn HY. Multiple osteomas in the middle. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006;263:1151—4. 5. D’Ottovai LR, Piccirillo E, De Sanctis S, et al. Mastoid osteomas: review of the literature and presentation of two clinical cases.Acta Otorinolaringol Ital 1997;17:136—9. 6. Dugert E, Lagleyre S, Brouchet A, Deguine O, Cognard C, Bonneville F. Osteoid Osteoma Invading the Posterior Labyrinth of the Petrous Bone AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Oct;31(9):1764-6 7 .Gupta OP, Samant IC. Osteoma of mastoid.laryngoscope 1972;82:172-6 8. Bruton DM,Gonzalez C.Mastoid osteoma.Ear Nose Throat J 1991;70:161-2 9. Yamasoba T, Harada T, Okunao T, Nomura Y. Osteoma of themiddle ear. Report of a case. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116:1214-6. 10. Varshney S. Osteoma of temporal bone. Indian J of Otol 2001;7:91-2. 11. Probost LE, Shanken L, Fox R. Osteoma of the mastoid bone. J Otolaryngol 1991;20:228-30. 12. Singh I, Sanasam JC, Bhatia PL, Singh LS. Giant osteoma of the mastoid. Ear Nose Throat J 1979;58. 13 Sheehy JJ. Diffuse exostoses and osteomata of the external auditory canal: A report of 100 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1982;90:337-42 14. Fenton JE, Turner J, Fagan PA. A histopathological review of temporal bone exostoses and osteoma. Laryngoscope 1996;106:624-8. 15. Earl H Harley, Robert G Berkowitz. Imaging case study of the month, Osteoma of the middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:714 16. Quesnel AM, Lee DJ. Extensive osteomas of the temporal parietaloccipital skull. Otol Neurotol 2011;32:e3—4. 17.Ben-Yaakov A, Wohlgelernter J, Gross M. Osteoma of the lateral semicircular canal. Acta Otolaryngol 2006;126:1005—7. 18. Gungor A, Cincik H, Poyazoglu E, et al. Mastoid osteomas: reportof two cases. Otol Neurotol 2004;25:95—7. 19. Antonio Denia, Fransisco Perez, Rinaldo R, Canalis R, Malcolm D Graham. Extracanalicular osteomas of the temporal bone. Arch Otolaryngol 1979;105:706-9. 20. Probst LE, Shankar L, Fox R. Osteoma the mastoid bone. J Otolaryngol 1991;20:228—30

Learning importance and a example of essay in learning Essay

Learning is a major part of life. People tend to learn in every steps of their life. Learning does not necessarily involve complex terms, it can also be primitive things that keeps happening in day to day life of an individual. Everybody has different interest, likewise they have a different pattern of learning things. Some people learn faster through visual medium, some through audio, and some just writing down the things depending upon what the subject matter is. I believe that learning process does not start when one settles in a formal environment but it start right from the birth of an individual. Walking, talking, decision making etc. are some examples including every other primary things are the result of learning. Every time anyone has to acquire a new skills, they need to be focused and scrutinize the subject matter thoroughly, that is how learning happens. Learning affects the confidence of a person as well. If someone learn things quickly than they have higher confidence in doing things and learning new things as well. After going through the video couple of times I realized that one who puts hard work and devotion in learning new things can automatically adapt into the ways the things are done and will become successful. I myself am very much interested in music and vaguely inspired by the beauty of it. I think music can be the most influential thing in an individual life. Music can make a person relax after a hard day at work, cure the illness, provides maximum level of comfort to an individual. Being so much influenced on music I have managed to learn a very few instruments and it always gives me pleasure and comfort when I am playing them. But I do not want to stop here. I want to learn more about music. I want to be able to read the music and understand every keys and notation in it. I want to be a musician like David Gilmour from the greatest band ever, â€Å"Pink Floyd,† who is able to play any string musical instrument that exists in planet today. I am currently doing my major in Business with Information Technology however in order to fulfill my ambition in music I have also planned to take music as my minor subject and later on carry it as my profession along with my  Business major degree. It is very much important to me because of my vague interest in it, but mostly it makes me very happy. Finally, I am profoundly inspired from the video that I just watched and it helped me to boost up my morale. I do have much respect for the people attempting to make things happen and these people are just one of those few who dare to take the challenges and do something that makes difference to others.

Cicero On Duty Essay

Cicero’s definition of duty is a term in which in this course, is far reached than what we would have ever thought duty would stand for. Defining duty can be said to be a commitment or obligation to someone or something that causes them to pursue a certain action. Duty is split into two parts which consist of dealing with what is the â€Å"supreme† good and second, practicing rules which are strictly regulated in all means of daily life. Another classification of duties are duties which are middle or complete. Complete duty is link to being what is â€Å"right†. Middle duty is the reasoning behind why has it been done. When Cicero writes about individual activism we consider the duties that are honorable and dishonorable. What is honorable or dishonorable? People’s spirits are often pulled between opposing opinions. The individual then has to see whether or not it will offer him an advantage in life. Cicero discusses the major principal thought on duty which is based on a conservative standpoint. The different forms of duty happened due to human nature. Civic duty takes different forms. Civic duty will always leads back to the people that live in the society. Questions asked is what do we owe? What can I do? Cicero writes how the nature of a person will influence his decisions based on what is the â€Å"honorable† thing to do at a certain time. A individual showing wisdom towards the publics concern is part of the action. Cicero uses a strong example when he speaks about promising to be at a appointment but not showing up due to someone close to you getting ill. He explains how not making the appointment would not be contrary to your duty because you abandoned what you promised. This shows your neighbor that your character can’t be trusted. The fellowship you keep with the community is a responsibility. Fellowship is so important to the form of civic duty according to cicero. He explains how one should be able to share, give advice, and cause no evil to their neighbor. Justice is the foundation of duty. Justice in a society emphasizes on the civic duty to ones state. As a citizen you should never find yourself on an omission state but to be contributing in honest forms towards society. Other principles is that of carrying a great spirit. It would help you have courage in your actions and for that reason you will hold honor towards yourself. When Cicero writes about the reasons for why people have duties towards the public sphere he believes that the individual is part of the community. He contributes it all the to belief of Stoicism. Aristotelian is another close source in which we can speak about duties, but Cicero’s true belief was that virtues is key to duty. Stoicism is the school of thought that holds the belief that the only way we can make sense of our own existence is by devoting ourselves to virtues. People who follow this pathway believe that the majority things of daily life are stuff we can’t control, but yet we can contribute our life to society in a better way. Honor is another reason why individuals choose certain choices that lead you to be seen as a noble person in your society. The wide picture is seen towards how the community sees the individuals actions according to the standards in which have been placed. It doesn’t seem like an individual would ever perform a duty if honor wasn’t the reward. An individual who doesn’t care for much pleasure would mostly likely seek out honor in the public sphere. In conclusion Cicero comes up with the belief that the main stance on duty should always be honor, because honor is the only thing that really brings out the obligations that we owe to ourselves and the society you live in.

The Wind in the Willows Questions for Discussions

The Wind in the Willows is a famous book about animals, by Kenneth Grahame. Here are a few questions for study and discussion. What is significant about the title?What are the conflicts in The Wind in the Willows? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see?How does Kenneth Grahame reveal character in The Wind in the Willows?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in The Wind in the Willows? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Badger (Mr. Badger) consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character? How? Why?Does Badger change and/or develop as a character?How does Badger relate to other characters in the book?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters creatures you would want to meet?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does the past figure into the novel?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?Would you recommend this book to a friend?​

Analysis Of The Movie The Dance Of The Indian

For Dunbar, the phase of fellowship was insufficient, and he ached to genuinely to dances with the Natives. As the film unfolded, he more than completed this endeavour; and through his accomplishment, he demonstrated how wrong our generalizations of the Natives of America were. We saw Dunbar walking through the grass and earth searching for bison with the Natives. We saw him attempting to take in the Indian dialect, and we even saw him wedding into the Indian gang. Through each of these events, he was getting the opportunity to be incorporated in the dance of the Indian. He began to eat, rest, and think like the Indians. A standout amongst the most climactic snippets of the movie was the point at which we saw Dunbar helping the Indians battles an opponent tribe. The Natives were battling to spare their ladies and kids; Dunbar sees these individuals as the same with him paying little heed to their race and culture and sees them as his own particular ladies and youngsters. Dunbar gave numerous parts of himself to the Indians. He issued them material things like his cap and weapons, yet he additionally taught them how to make coffee and how to talk his English. He brought his complete self and was willing to relinquish for his Indian siblings. The dance in the middle of Dunbar and the Indians was attempted from different perspectives. In another scene, the film gave the onlookers the interruption of the army into Dunbar s camp; the American warriors endeavoured toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Western Film Essay524 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Western Film introduction The two films we chose were dances with wolves starring Kevin costner it was made in 1990 and the searchers starring john Wayne it was made in 1950 they both show native Americans been represented in different ways. The searchers Native Americans are portrayed as being stupid for swapping a woman for a hat with a feather in it. 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Plato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay - 1764 Words

When you lose the person who matters most to you in this world, time alters. Time is no longer a linear progression of events. Time becomes a memory of another life. Ten years pass within a day, then you wake up and another decade has been added to the distance, an alien life form, a foreign place, another person inhabiting your body in the past, and, yet, the memories flood the goop of your brain, as if the single greatest loss of your life happened this morning. It’s all curved and bended and distorted, like an astronaut turning into spaghetti at the event horizon of some black hole right here on planet earth. Nobody will ever get it. Plato’s allegory of the cave: some dipshit escapes the shadowy cave and returns to tell the other dick holes about this great truth he’s learned, but they just stare at him, like he jerks off to potatoes. This is what it’s like. You’re alone, time becomes a fucking acid trip, and people become about as interesting as potted plants. As I sit on the roof deck of this Wall Street condominium in Manhattan years after my entire life had disappeared and become something unrecognizable, an indistinct memory floats down the back of my skull like an ephemeral spirit in the darkness of night. The night watchman in my building looks suspiciously through the glass door then waves when he sees me. I smile and casually wave back. The memory faintly grabs hold of me again. The screaming and laughing of children softly echoes from the distant past; theShow MoreRelatedPlato s Allegory Of The Cave1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s, Allegory of the cave, a key theory I found was the importance of education. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (104) Based on my research of the republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes, ordinary mortals are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, represents the psyche imprisoned within the human body. These mortals can’t lookRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1814 Words   |  8 PagesIn Plato’s, â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, a key theory I found was the importance of gaining knowledge. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging for ms† (Fiero, 104). Based on my research of the Republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes in the Allegory, ordinary mortals who are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, represents the psyche imprisoned within theRead MorePlato s Allegory Of Cave1979 Words   |  8 PagesJaneva Walters December 6, 2016 Dr. T. Brady ENG 391 Plato’s Allegory of Cave The allegory of the cave is regarded as one of the most reputed and acclaimed works by the Greek philosopher Plato in modern literature as well as philosophy. First published and presented in his work known as a Republic (514a–520a), the dialogues that have been used as conversation can be regarded as fictitious as the main conversation takes place between Plato’s brother Glaucon and Socrates. First and foremost, allegoricalRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen in a cave? Caves are dark, cold, and often times dangerous. People who lose their source of light in a cave often face death from physical injury or hypothermia, unless otherwise rescued. The Greek philosopher Plato illustrated the difference between reality and illusion through a story about prisoners who lived their entire existence in a cave. 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Truth remains an elusiveRead MorePlato s The Allegory Of The Cave1965 Words   |  8 PagesIn this paper I shall argue for Socrates’ notion in the Allegory of the Cave, saying that the purpose of education is not to place knowledge to the mind where there was none, but instead to recognise the already underlying existence of such insight inside the mind, and to help divert the ones in need of teach ing onto the correct path to find and retrieve such knowledge. Plato in his time was a dedicated student of Socrates, so most of Socrates â€Å"logos† and concepts heavily influenced Plato’s futureRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave910 Words   |  4 Pagesnature within them to reach their potential. Allegory is to reveal a hidden meaning, normally a moral, based on fictional stories. Plato Allegory of the Cave reminds us that the theory of Forms is real and suggests that the one with the empirical science would share his mind with the commoner in society. We must grasp the complex different types of Forms – opinion, knowledge and beauty really meant for Plato. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, Plato talks about dualism, mind (soul) and body. InRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagesflesh to satisfy the god (Ahmed 2010). All of these civilizations were interactive with their environment, but imagine if one knew only of the reality they believed inside of a cave not experiencing e vents within the real world. In Plato’s, Allegory of the Cave, he describes the scenario of prisoners kept isolated in a cave left to come up with a reality that they comprehended with the images that they saw in front of them. This applies especially to politics, because people are left to decipherRead MoreAnalyzing Plato s Allegory Of The Cave874 Words   |  4 PagesI’ll be analyzing Plato’s Allegory of the Cave through my own interpretation. An allegory is defined as â€Å"a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.† In Plato’s Republic the short excerpt The Allegory of the Cave can be viewed through multiple perspectives. Plato’s image of the cave is known as the â€Å"theory of forms†¦ The theory assumes the existence of a level of reality inhabited by ideal â€Å"forms† of all things and concepts (Revelations:Read MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Ess ay1842 Words   |  8 Pagesto find pieces about importance of our ego as well. Plato is one of the most important philosophers in western history. That brings us a question, why ego is such significant for both western and eastern philosophers and religious works? Sigmund Freud, who carried on Plato’s thinking on humanity and our society, pointed out what Plato has vaguely discussed about that the significance and impact the ego has on us. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, what the prisoners are actually experiencing the fight

Retrieved From Interactive Tax Consultants -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Retrieved From Interactive Tax Consultants? Answer: Introducation Issue: From the background of the scenario it is understood that Mos. Jenny was a resident of Honking who initially being offered for temporary business travel to Australia in order to give suggestions to the former residents of Honking who are settled in Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane during April 2016. She went to visit all the three cities and to complete the training by next three months but the employer further asked her to extend her stay in Australia for nine more months. Further on July, she leases serviced executive apartment for the tenure of nine months till she stays in Sydney. Also, Jenny travels once a week to meet clients outside Sydney. Hence the issue vests to the fact that if Ms Jenny can be considered as the resident of Australia for taxation purpose or not. (Interactivetaxconsultants, 2017) Rules: The understanding of an Australia or foreign resident for taxation purpose need to be understood with the help of the Rules by the national taxation authorities of Australia. The rule says as under: If one leaves Australia temporarily and do not set up in another country permanently, then oneself will be continued to be an Australian resident for taxation purpose. The intention is the key factor which decides the residency status further. Even with short span of time an individual can be considered as the resident if carries the intention to stay back in Australia If an individual is visiting Australia and he is working and living in a location and has taken ample steps to make Australia as his home, then he should be considered as an Australia resident. As it be seen that if somebody is working and staying there it means that he is permanently residing there and seeing a long term perspective. Employment tenure is yet another factor. An employee can be sent to visit Australia for work and may extend beyond the prescribed limit of 183days in an income year but again the intent of keeping the employee again becomes the driving factor to decide the residential status of Australia. (atotaxrates, 2017) If an individual is visiting Australia and for most of the time he is travelling across different locations of Australia, then he will be considered as the foreign resident only. It means that he is not thinking for a long term perspective and is not trying to settle. She went to visit all the three cities and to complete the training by next three months but the employer further asked her to extend her stay in Australia for nine more months. So she had the intention. For the sake of better understanding, the resides test is done which is the primary test of tax for residency of Australia. In case the reside test is not passed out, the individual is classified as resident of Australia provided the any one of the following statutory criteria is satisfied: 183 days test: if an individual is present for more than half of the financial year whether continuously or with irregular travelling, he can be considered having a constructive residency in Australia unless it can be proved that the usual place of adobe is outside Australia and have no intent to stay back in Australia. Other factors which are a healthy decision maker are as follows : Social and living arrangement: The living arrangement decides whether the resident will be staying there or not Intention to stay back: The staying back intention is important. Marital Status: If somebody is married then the case is different. Employment tenure Maintenance and location of assets Physical presence in Australia: the physical presence is important to describe the residency. Frequency and Duration of visit: The duration of visit is very important as its the duration that determines the residency. (ato.gov.au, 2017) The details of the other rime factors are outlined as under: Social and living arrangement: This is yet another degree of understanding to know about the social and living arrangement of an individual in Australia. If the same reflects the daily attribute of staying back long and intended to be the part of Australia, it should be treated accordingly. Intention to stay back: The intention is the key factor which decides the residency status further. Even with short span of time an individual can be considered as the resident if carries the intention to stay back in Australia. If someone ha she intention to stay back then it will not matter whether he or she will have the intention or no. The physical presence in Australia cannot be biased with the days of stay or so. The purpose of stay comes into picture when an individual is having a long physical presence as well. (humanservices.gov.au, 2017) Marital Status: If an individual is married and his spouse is working in Australia and carries intent to stay together, this is again considerable to understand the status of the individual for considering him as resident of Australia from tax point of view. Here migration and other perspective comes in to picture. Employment Tenure : Employment tenure is can be said as a different term. An employee can be sent to visit Australia for work and may extend beyond the prescribed limit of 183days in an income year but again the intent of keeping the employee again becomes the driving factor to decide the residential status of Australia. SO this can be considered a different case Maintenance and locations of assets: An individual is attached to its assets which are their personal effects and hence they try to keep the same safe and to its permanent adobe in order to prevent the same of wear and tear of travelling. Physical presence in Australia: The physical presence in Australia cannot be biased with the days of stay or so. The purpose of stay comes into picture when an individual is having a long physical presence as well. Physical presence is very much required to have a residency stay. Frequency and duration of visit The frequency of travel is again taken ahead with the purpose as well as intent of the travel. The duration of visit can be another factor to decide the residential status of an individual. If the duration of visit id exceeding the limit it can be said that the applicant wants to stay permanently. So it will be said that the resident want to stay permanently. (smh.com.au, 2017) Application: In the given scenario, Ms Jenny has moved to Sydney for some training related assignment assigned by his employer and she was supposed to complete the trip by three months visiting cities like Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. The proposal was revisited by the employer and Ms Jenny was advised to stay back in Sydney for another nine months. She accordingly moved her clothes and personal effects too to Australia. She started saying at a leasehold property too. Her parents have visited her twice. Few parameters can be understood well as under: Initially Ms Jenny was merely a business traveller in Australia with no intent to settle down. Further her employer asks her to extend the stay for another nine month from July 2016. With this extension, he attained the criteria of staying back in Australia for more than 183days in an income year. The employment tenure and movement of personal effect has triggered the purpose of the presence irrespective of the expiring tenure of nine months of stay on completion of nine months.(interactivetaxconsultants, 2017) She was settled in Sydney office with rare travelling for official purpose too. Hence she got the property on lease in Sydney itself. The living behaviour and other attributes as discussed further conclude her presence as resident of Australia Since the extension of tenure is there, the communication and seasonal challenges is also expected and hence the freight of clothes and personal effects are brought. The visit of their parents twice on two occasions symbolizes the change of intent of M Jenny or having a connection within local Australia. The intention, living habits, employment tenure and movement of personal effect has triggered the purpose of the presence irrespective of the expiring tenure of nine months of stay on completion of nine months. The intention and the days of stay being more than the prescribed limit of 183 days prohibit Ms Jenny to be foreign residents from the taxation governance of Australia at least for the period of current financial year of 2016. (Hall, 2017) Conclusion: Referring to the detailed discussion and applying the rules of taxation of Australia, Ms Jenny can be concluded as the resident of Australia for the current income year of 2016-17. The living behaviour and other attributes as discussed further conclude her presence as resident of Australia. Ms Jenny cannot be considered as resident of Australia for the income year 2015-16 when she visited for business purpose only and possessing no intent to stay back in Australia Issue: A TV personality has been asked to join a television show of a channel based in Australia with an initial offer of a lump sum amount of USD 400,000 followed by USD 100,000 in addition to the same as monthly salary. The issue vests on the determining both the receipts of USD 400k as well as USD 100K per month as recurring salary income are assessable income or not, for a show based in Australia. (exfin, 2017) Rule: A special professional is an individual having professionalism in literature, music, artistic work or a performing artist or a sports person. The concept of income averaging has to be there in order to derive the special professional income. The assessable professional income is the income arising directly from the performance of the professional service by a special professional. Assessable income is taxable under certain laws and regulation. The following are the incomes included for the calculation of the assessable professional income: (ato.gov.au, ato.gov.au, 2017) Rewards, prizes and gifts which has been received from some individual or company. Fees or the income earned from Advertisement, endorsement, commentating, interviews and similar kind of social participation. Any kind of royalty income which is gained through franchise or from other source. The following are the exclusion for considering it into assessable income for a special professional: A superannuation lump sum payment Net capital gain Payment for unused leave. Ruling 12 and subsection 6(1) further extends the meaning of royalty to the use of motion picture films or video tapes for the purpose of TV or other broadcasting. (ato.gov.au, ato.gov.au, 2017) The lump sum money is dissected then the same will be considered for taxable income. Application: A special professional is an individual having professionalism in literature, music, artistic work or a performing artist or a sports person. In the given situation the TV actor has successfully bagged of USD 40000 as lump sum and a fixed monthly salary component of USD 100000. The following point should be established to concrete the conclusion at the end. The TV actor who has been offered a show based in Australia falls within the definition of Special Professional. In the first situation the actress earned the lump sum of INR 400,000 USD is the result of her pre-established brand name which has been created over a period of time. The brand name so created fetches royalty wherever she has been offered. With the above it can be considered as Royalty income. Royalty income is the income which arises from the company who are having different franchise. The franchise owners pay royalty to the company. (atotaxrates, atotaxrates, 2017) The monthly income of USD 100000 paid as salary is a clear income for the year to for part of the computation of the taxable income. Conclusion: The income received as Royalty as narrated above amounting to USD 400000 as lump sum money and USD 100000 per month of Salary both will be considered as assessable income for the year. References ato.gov.au. (2017, September 21st). ato.gov.au. Retrieved from ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Tax-return/2017/In-detail/Publications/Income-averaging-for-special-professionals-2017/?=redirected ato.gov.au. (2017, September 21st). ato.gov.au. Retrieved from ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/international-tax-for-individuals/in-detail/residency/residency---the-resides-test/ ato.gov.au. (2017, September 21st). ato.gov.au. Retrieved from ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/Residency-tests/ atotaxrates. (2017, September 21st). atotaxrates. Retrieved from atotaxrates: https://atotaxrates.info/individual-tax-rates-resident/income-averaging/income-averaging-special-professionals/ atotaxrates. (2017, September 21st). atotaxrates. Retrieved from atotaxrates: https://atotaxrates.info/individual-tax-rates-resident/income-averaging/income-averaging-special-professionals/ exfin. (2017, September 21st). exfin. Retrieved from exfin: https://www.exfin.com/australian-tax-residency Hall, A. (2017). Tax Guide, 20. humanservices.gov.au. (2017, September 21st). humanservices.gov.au. Retrieved from humanservices.gov.au: https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/enablers/lump-sums-while-income-support Interactivetaxconsultants. (2017, September 21st). interactivetaxconsultants. Retrieved from interactivetaxconsultants: https://interactivetaxconsultants.com.au/tax/income-averaging-eligible-works/ interactivetaxconsultants. (2017, September 21st). interactivetaxconsultants.com.au. Retrieved from interactivetaxconsultants.com.au: https://interactivetaxconsultants.com.au/tax/income-averaging-eligible-works/ smh.com.au. (2017, September 21st). smh.com.au. Retrieved from smh.com.au: https://www.smh.com.au/money/tools-and-guides/what-is-income-20100531-wqvb.h